2B or not 2B: Hippocampal asymmetries mediated by NMDA receptor subunit GluN2B C-terminus and high-throughput image analysis by Deep-Learning
Kleindienst, David
2B or not 2B: Hippocampal asymmetries mediated by NMDA receptor subunit GluN2B C-terminus and high-throughput image analysis by Deep-Learning - Institute of Science and Technology Austria 2021
Thesis
Abstract Acknowledgements About the Author List of Publications List of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviations 1 Introduction 2 Deep Learning-Assisted High-Throughput Analysis of Freeze-Fracture Replica Images Applied to Glutamate Receptors and Calcium Channels at Hippocampal Synapses 3 NMDA receptor GluN2B C-Terminus Orchestrates Hippocampal Left-Right Asymmetry 4 Conclusions Bibliography A Appendix A - Detailed Statistics for Chapter 2 B Appendix B - Detailed Statistics for Chapter 3
Left-right asymmetries can be considered a fundamental organizational principle of the vertebrate central nervous system. The hippocampal CA3-CA1 pyramidal cell synaptic connection shows an input-side dependent asymmetry where the hemispheric location of the presynaptic CA3 neuron determines the synaptic properties. Left-input synapses terminating on apical dendrites in stratum radiatum have a higher density of NMDA receptor subunit GluN2B, a lower density of AMPA receptor subunit GluA1 and smaller areas with less often perforated PSDs. On the other hand, left-input synapses terminating on basal dendrites in stratum oriens have lower GluN2B densities than right-input ones. Apical and basal synapses further employ different signaling pathways involved in LTP. SDS-digested freeze-fracture replica labeling can visualize synaptic membrane proteins with high sensitivity and resolution, and has been used to reveal the asymmetry at the electron microscopic level. However, it requires time-consuming manual demarcation of the synaptic surface for quantitative measurements. To facilitate the analysis of replica labeling, I first developed a software named Darea, which utilizes deep-learning to automatize this demarcation. With Darea I characterized the synaptic distribution of NMDA and AMPA receptors as well as the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in CA1 stratum radiatum and oriens. Second, I explored the role of GluN2B and its carboxy-terminus in the establishment of input-side dependent hippocampal asymmetry. In conditional knock-out mice lacking GluN2B expression in CA1 and GluN2B-2A swap mice, where GluN2B carboxy-terminus was exchanged to that of GluN2A, no significant asymmetries of GluN2B, GluA1 and PSD area were detected. We further discovered a previously unknown functional asymmetry of GluN2A, which was also lost in the swap mouse. These results demonstrate that GluN2B carboxy-terminus plays a critical role in normal formation of input-side dependent asymmetry.
2B or not 2B: Hippocampal asymmetries mediated by NMDA receptor subunit GluN2B C-terminus and high-throughput image analysis by Deep-Learning - Institute of Science and Technology Austria 2021
Thesis
Abstract Acknowledgements About the Author List of Publications List of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviations 1 Introduction 2 Deep Learning-Assisted High-Throughput Analysis of Freeze-Fracture Replica Images Applied to Glutamate Receptors and Calcium Channels at Hippocampal Synapses 3 NMDA receptor GluN2B C-Terminus Orchestrates Hippocampal Left-Right Asymmetry 4 Conclusions Bibliography A Appendix A - Detailed Statistics for Chapter 2 B Appendix B - Detailed Statistics for Chapter 3
Left-right asymmetries can be considered a fundamental organizational principle of the vertebrate central nervous system. The hippocampal CA3-CA1 pyramidal cell synaptic connection shows an input-side dependent asymmetry where the hemispheric location of the presynaptic CA3 neuron determines the synaptic properties. Left-input synapses terminating on apical dendrites in stratum radiatum have a higher density of NMDA receptor subunit GluN2B, a lower density of AMPA receptor subunit GluA1 and smaller areas with less often perforated PSDs. On the other hand, left-input synapses terminating on basal dendrites in stratum oriens have lower GluN2B densities than right-input ones. Apical and basal synapses further employ different signaling pathways involved in LTP. SDS-digested freeze-fracture replica labeling can visualize synaptic membrane proteins with high sensitivity and resolution, and has been used to reveal the asymmetry at the electron microscopic level. However, it requires time-consuming manual demarcation of the synaptic surface for quantitative measurements. To facilitate the analysis of replica labeling, I first developed a software named Darea, which utilizes deep-learning to automatize this demarcation. With Darea I characterized the synaptic distribution of NMDA and AMPA receptors as well as the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in CA1 stratum radiatum and oriens. Second, I explored the role of GluN2B and its carboxy-terminus in the establishment of input-side dependent hippocampal asymmetry. In conditional knock-out mice lacking GluN2B expression in CA1 and GluN2B-2A swap mice, where GluN2B carboxy-terminus was exchanged to that of GluN2A, no significant asymmetries of GluN2B, GluA1 and PSD area were detected. We further discovered a previously unknown functional asymmetry of GluN2A, which was also lost in the swap mouse. These results demonstrate that GluN2B carboxy-terminus plays a critical role in normal formation of input-side dependent asymmetry.