Molecular mechanisms of the cytokinin-regulated endomembrane trafficking to coordinate plant organogenesis

Thesis

1 All Roads Lead to Auxin: Post-translational Regulation of Auxin
Transport by Multiple Hormonal Pathways: - Introduction
- Conclusion and perspectives
- Acknowledgment
- References

2 Molecular Mechanisms of the Cytokinin-Regulated Endomembrane
Trafficking to Coordinate Plant Organogenesis: - Results
- Methods
- References

3 Identification of Cytokinin Binding Proteins using Chemical Proteomics: - Introduction
- Results
- Discussion
- Conclusion and perspectives
- Supplementary figures
- References

4 Monitoring of Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Changes in
Arabidopsis thaliana Roots upon Treatment with Cytokinin: - Introduction
- Results and Discussion
- Conclusion
- Supplemental figures
- Methods
- References

5 VPS9a Role in Cytokinin-Governed Plant Organogenesis: - Introduction
- Results
- Discussion
- Conclusion and future perspectives
- Supplementary figures
- Supplementary tables
- Methods
- Supplemental references
- References

Plants maintain the capacity to develop new organs e.g. lateral roots post-embryonically throughout their whole life and thereby flexibly adapt to ever-changing environmental conditions. Plant hormones auxin and cytokinin are the main regulators of the lateral root organogenesis. Additionally to their solo activities, the interaction between auxin and cytokinin plays crucial role in fine-tuning of lateral root development and growth. In particular, cytokinin modulates auxin distribution within the developing lateral root by affecting the endomembrane trafficking of auxin transporter PIN1 and promoting its vacuolar degradation (Marhavý et al., 2011, 2014). This effect is independent of transcription and translation. Therefore, it suggests novel, non-canonical cytokinin activity occuring possibly on the posttranslational level. Impact of cytokinin and other plant hormones on auxin transporters (including PIN1) on the posttranslational level is described in detail in the introduction part of this thesis in a form of a review (Semeradova et al., 2020). To gain insights into the molecular machinery underlying cytokinin effect on the endomembrane trafficking in the plant cell, in particular on the PIN1 degradation, we conducted two large proteomic screens: 1) Identification of cytokinin binding proteins using chemical proteomics. 2) Monitoring of proteomic and phosphoproteomic changes upon cytokinin treatment. In the first screen, we identified DYNAMIN RELATED PROTEIN 2A (DRP2A). We found that DRP2A plays a role in cytokinin regulated processes during the plant growth and that cytokinin treatment promotes destabilization of DRP2A protein. However, the role of DRP2A in the PIN1 degradation remains to be elucidated. In the second screen, we found VACUOLAR PROTEIN SORTING 9A (VPS9A). VPS9a plays crucial role in plant’s response to cytokin and in cytokinin mediated PIN1 degradation. Altogether, we identified proteins, which bind to cytokinin and proteins that in response to cytokinin exhibit significantly changed abundance or phosphorylation pattern. By combining information from these two screens, we can pave our way towards understanding of noncanonical cytokinin effects.