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035 _a189266
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037 _a4474
_bMIT Press
037 _a9780262277266
_bMIT Press
050 4 _aQD15
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082 0 4 _a540.9/033
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049 _aMAIN
100 1 _aKlein, Ursula,
_d1952-
_9377333
245 1 0 _aMaterials in eighteenth-century science :
_ba historical ontology /
_cUrsula Klein and Wolfgang Lefèvre.
260 _aCambridge, Mass. :
_bMIT Press,
_c©2007.
300 _a1 online resource (x, 345 pages) :
_billustrations
336 _atext
_btxt
_2rdacontent
337 _acomputer
_bc
_2rdamedia
338 _aonline resource
_bcr
_2rdacarrier
347 _adata file
490 1 _aTransformations
504 _aIncludes bibliographical references (pages 307-325) and indexes.
588 0 _aPrint version record.
505 0 _aMaterials in eighteenth-century science: contexts and practices -- Commodities and natural objects -- Practices of studying materials in eighteenth-century chemistry -- Why study classification? -- A world of pure chemical substances -- 1787: a new nomenclature -- The Tableau de la nonmenclature chimique -- Classifying according to chemical composition -- Simple substances and paradigmatic syntheses -- Operations with pure chemical substances -- Classification of pure chemical substances before 1787 -- A revolutionary table? -- A different world: plant materials -- Diverse orders of plant materials -- Ultimate principles of plants: plant analysis prior to 1750 -- The epistemic elevation of vegetable commodities -- The failure of Lavoisier's plant chemistry -- Uncertainties -- A novel mode of classifying organic substances and an ontological shift around 1830 -- Conclusion: Multidimensional objects and materiality.
520 _aA history of raw materials and chemical substances from the late seventeenth to the early nineteenth centuries that scrutinizes the modes of identification and classification used by chemists and learned practitioners of the period, examining the ways in which their practices and understanding of the material objects changed. In the eighteenth century, chemistry was the science of materials. Chemists treated mundane raw materials and chemical substances as multidimensional objects of inquiry that could be investigated in both practical and theoretical contexts--as useful commodities, perceptible objects of nature, and entities with hidden and imperceptible features. In this history of materials, Ursula Klein and Wolfgang Lefevre link chemical science with chemical technology, challenging our current understandings of objects in the history of science and the distinction between scientific and technological objects. They further show that chemists' experimental production and understanding of materials changed over time, first in the decades around 1700 and then around 1830, when mundane materials became clearly distinguished from true chemical substances. The authors approach their subject by scrutinizing the modes of identification and classification used by chemists and learned practitioners of the period. They find that chemists' classificatory practices especially were strikingly diverse. In scientific investigations, materials were classified either according to chemical composition or according to provenance and perceptible qualities. The authors further argue that chemists did not live in different worlds of materials before and after the Lavoisierian chemical revolution of the late eighteenth century. Their two main studies first explore the long tradition that informed Lavoisier's new nomenclature and method of classifying pure chemical substances and then describe the continuing classification of plant materials according to a pre-Lavoisierian scheme of provenance and perceptible qualities even after the chemical revolution, until a new mode of classification was accepted in the 1830s.
546 _aEnglish.
590 _aAdded to collection customer.56279.3
650 0 _aChemistry
_xHistory
_y18th century.
_9377334
650 0 _aOntology
_xHistory
_y18th century.
_9377335
650 0 _aClassification of sciences.
_9377336
650 6 _aChimie
_xHistoire
_y18e siècle.
_91038449
650 6 _aOntologie
_xHistoire
_y18e siècle.
_91038450
650 6 _aClassification des sciences.
_9535679
650 7 _aSCIENCE
_xChemistry
_xGeneral.
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650 7 _aChemistry
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650 7 _aClassification of sciences
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650 7 _aOntology
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650 7 _aChemie
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650 7 _aWissenschaftsentwicklung
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650 7 _aNomenklatur
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650 1 7 _aChemie.
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_9766
650 1 7 _aClassificatie.
_2gtt
_9150385
650 1 7 _aOntologie (filosofie)
_2gtt
_9113039
648 7 _a1700-1799
_2fast
_9108846
648 7 _aGeschichte 1700-1830.
_2swd
_9377337
653 _aSCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY/History of Science
653 _aPHYSICAL SCIENCES/General
653 _aPHYSICAL SCIENCES/Materials Science
655 7 _aHistory
_2fast
_99192
700 1 _aLefèvre, Wolfgang,
_d1941-
_9336381
776 0 8 _iPrint version:
_aKlein, Ursula, 1952-
_tMaterials in eighteenth-century science.
_dCambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, ©2007
_z9780262113069
_z0262113066
_w(DLC) 2006039115
_w(OCoLC)76828871
830 0 _aTransformations (M.I.T. Press)
_9299049
856 4 0 _3EBSCOhost
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